Indus Journal of Agriculture and Biology
type: channel
description: Indus Journal of Agriculture and Biology (IJAB) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes high-quality research articles in the fields of agricultural and biological sciences. The journal covers a broad spectrum of disciplines including agro-sciences, ecology, toxicology, cell and developmental biology, genetics, environmental biology, entomology, and biotechnology. IJAB serves as a dynamic platform for academicians, researchers, and professionals to disseminate innovative research and advancements in agriculture and life sciences. The journal is committed to promoting sustainable agricultural practices, enhancing food security, and addressing environmental and toxicological challenges through scientific research. The journal is published by GOMAL EDUCATION NETWORK (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED and follows a semiannual publication frequency, ensuring the timely release of impactful research contributions. IJAB was established with the vision of supporting the global scientific community engaged in agriculture and related disciplines. It aims to provide researchers, scholars, and future scientists with a credible forum to publish their findings and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. The journal invites submissions in the form of full-length research articles, short communications, review papers, and editorials in the areas of agriculture, biological sciences, ecology, toxicology, and environmental studies. Scope of the Journal Agriculture Agronomy, Aquaculture, Crop Production, Entomology, Food Science, Genetic Engineering, Horticulture, Plant Breeding & Genetics, Plant Pathology, Soil Science, Tissue Culture. Biological Anatomy & Physiology, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Biological Engineering, Biomedicine, Cancer Research, Cell & Molecular Biology, Ecology, Environmental Science, Experimental Biology, Immunology, Microbiology, Toxicology, Virology, Animal Science & Zoology.
publisher: GOMAL EDUCATION NETWORK (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
language: en
publication name: Indus Journal of Agriculture and Biology
issn: 2959-4286
items: Adoption of Regenerative Farming Practices for Soil Restoration
items: Assessment of Agricultural Policies for Ensuring Long‑Term Food Security
items: Technological Innovations to Reduce Post‑Harvest Grain Losses
items: Cost‑Benefit Analysis of Precision Agriculture Adoption in Developing Countries
items: Economic Impact of Climate Variability on Smallholder Farming Systems
items: Impact of Agroforestry Practices on Carbon Sequestration and Soil Fertility in Developing Countries
items: Neuropharmacological Interventions for Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
items: Cognitive Trajectory Mapping in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Longitudinal Neuropediatric Study
items: Genetic Predisposition to Sudden Cardiac Death: A Molecular Cardiology Study
items: Diabetic Retinopathy Progression and Endocrine Correlates: A Multicenter Study
items: Extraction and purification of proteins from Prunus armeniaca seeds
items: Studying the Role of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: Exploring Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment
items: The Role of Hormonal Imbalance in Reproductive Failure in Dairy Cows: Clinical Investigations and Treatment Strategies
items: Bio-stimulant Potential of Organic Compost Teas on Spinach Performance and Soil Properties
items: Developing CRISPR-Based Therapies for Genetic Diseases: Clinical Trials and Regulatory Challenges
items: Biochemical Markers for Early Detection of Liver Diseases in Dogs: A Clinical Diagnostic Approach
items: Improving Blood Transfusion Safety: Addressing the Risk of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
items: The Efficacy of Anti-Parasitic Treatments for Controlling Tick-Borne Diseases in Dogs and Cattle
items: Evaluating the Long-Term Effects of Environmental Toxins on Human Health: A Focus on Developmental and Neurological Disorders
items: Optimizing Maize Growth and Soil Health Using Integrated Nutrient Management
items: Fortified Organic Fertilizers as Alternatives to Inorganic Fertilizers for Maize Production
items: The Role of Nitrogen Fertilization in Improving Wheat Crop Yields
items: Dose-Response Relationship of NPK Fertigation on Melon Growth and Yield
items: Optimizing Atrazine Application Rates for Efficacious Weed Control in Maize Cultivation
items: Herbicide Strategies for Effective Weed Eradication in Maize Crop
items: Variations in Phosphorus Leaching Across Diverse Soil Textures
items: Unveiling the Transformative Impact of Organic Amendments on Soil Physical Properties

Adoption of Regenerative Farming Practices for Soil Restoration
type: item
description: The uptake of regenerative agriculture to restore soil is drastically low despite purported environmental and financial benefits, due to little knowledge of adoption drivers. This study adopts a problem-oriented, multi-methods research design with binary logistic regression, Bayesian learning models, and utility threshold analysis to empirically estimate the drivers of adoption from 412 farm units in three different agro-ecological zones. The models show that the ensemble machine-learning model has the highest prediction accuracy and dominates the baseline models with no systemic factors. The most negative impacts on the probability of adoption are from risk aversion (λ) and transition cost shocks (γ), with elasticities of -47.3% and -37.8% per standard deviation increase, respectively, while subsidies and information quality (τ) are positive and sizeable. The Bayesian learning model shows a doubling of local sample size from n=1 to n=10 reduces the posterior variance by 82.5% and increases learning rates from 0.318 to 0.938, addressing the empirical evidence problem. Threshold analysis shows that adoption depends on minimum subsidies of $258 ha⁻¹ to induce adoption by farmers with λ > 2.0, which are not always offered by policies. There are substantial regional differences: the arid zone is more negatively affected by risk, while the humid tropics have stronger network effects. The machine learning process model for soil carbon accumulation has a root mean square error (RMSE) of 24.91 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ and an index of agreement (IA) of 0.921. Economic, information, and policy deficits are most acute (0.873, 0.791, and 0.762). We propose that the adoption puzzle can be solved by offering targeted subsidies to ease the transition (local risk analysis), farmer-directed knowledge networks to reduce Bayesian uncertainty, and a comprehensive policy reform that accounts for non-market ecosystem services. Without this approach, regenerative agriculture will be an environmental …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Regenerative Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil Restoration
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Bayesian Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Incentives
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Malik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 98
ending page: 123

Assessment of Agricultural Policies for Ensuring Long‑Term Food Security
type: item
description: The focus of this study is five OECD countries: Germany, the USA, France, Australia, and Japan, and their agricultural policies between 2000 and 2024 and their impact on food security and environmental sustainability more broadly. The study operationalizes policy coherence by means of a multidimensional policy coherence index based on three dimensions of policy coherence: policy goals, policy instruments, and policy implementation coordination, using a problem-based research design with features of policy mapping, quantitative coherence indexing, causal loop diagramming, comparative case analysis, and partial equilibrium simulation. The results show that the overall coherence level in Australia is the highest (0.786), whereas the lowest is in Japan (0.489); regions with high coherence had a composite score on food security (389.5) compared to 300.1 in lower coherence regions and showed a decrease in year-on-year volatility (8.92 percent to 2.34 percent). The benefits of coherence are significant in terms of environmental externalities, with a reduction of nitrous oxide emissions from 8.47 to 2.34 kg/ha/year, as well as a shift from a net loss to net gain of soil organic carbon (from negative 0.87 to positive 0.24 tonnes/ha/year) and an increase in biodiversity intactness from 62.4 percent to 85.2 percent, respectively, when moving from low to high coherence quartiles. A key challenge identified is the institutional fragmentation, which is characterized by almost twelve ministries involved in the fragmented system, in comparison to almost three ministries involved in the centralized system, while budget alignment is 0.347 and 0.842, respectively. Net welfare effects for synergistic instrument combinations, especially for research and development support and extension services, are 1,247 million US dollars, while antagonistic instrument combinations, like subsidies and trade tariffs, cause large net welfare losses of over 847 million US dollars per year. A unique inte…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Policy Coherence
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Food Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: OECD Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Fragmentation
  topic: keywords
creator: Nadia Farooq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 73
ending page: 97

Technological Innovations to Reduce Post‑Harvest Grain Losses
type: item
description: Food security is a critical global challenge and post-harvest grain losses present a significant threat, with 9-18% of the world's cereal grain production lost from harvest to consumption. We have explored and validated a novel monitoring, prediction and traceability system of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain distributed ledger. IoT sensors continuously monitored the temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide and acoustic insect numbers in grain silos for 120 Nine machine learning algorithms were trained to predict dry matter loss (DML) and early spoilage. Our Random Forest model (RMSE = 0.043%, R² = 0.967) was the best performing with Long Short Sensor fusion of the four sensors types reduced the ξ The δ.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Food Grain Losses
  topic: keywords
subject: Internet of Things (IOT)
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence (Ai)
  topic: keywords
subject: Blockchain
  topic: keywords
subject: Prediction of Dry Matter Loss
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensor Fusion
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatima Noor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 49
ending page: 72

Cost‑Benefit Analysis of Precision Agriculture Adoption in Developing Countries
type: item
description: Despite the significant potential of precision agriculture technologies to boost resource use efficiency and crop productivity, the adoption of these technologies in small and medium scale farms is low in developing areas, which is attributed to financial, infrastructure and socio-technical constraints. The study used a mixed methods sequential explanatory design, combining cost-benefit, logistic regression modeling, sensitivity analysis and thematic analysis of qualitative interviews to analyze the economic feasibility and factors influencing the adoption of precision agriculture technologies in 240 farms across three agricultural regions. This shows a clear farm size threshold with farms smaller than two hectares having negative NPVs for all crops while farms larger than five hectares provide strong positive returns up to 1678.92 USD per hectare. The logistic regression showed that reliable internet connection was the most significant predictor of adoption with a higher increase of adoption by 6.51 times for every additional USD per hectare in capital cost, the odds of adoption decreased by about one percent per increase in capital cost. Crop sale price was the most sensitive parameter, with a value of 2.24, which shows high vulnerability of the market fluctuation. There were considerable improvements in environmental outcomes, including a 30.01 percent decrease in water use and a 36.62 percent decrease in pesticide application. The results of the qualitative study were largely corroborative, with high capital costs (reported by 88.3 per cent of farmers) and poor internet connection (81.7 per cent) being identified as the main constraints. Multi-criteria ranking of intervention resulted the most effective interventions as capital subsidies with a composite index score of 87.6, and digital literacy training with a composite index score of 86.5. The study concludes that precision agriculture adoption can't be necessarily recommended to all the different sizes of far…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Precision Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Cost-Benefit Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Smallholder Farmers
  topic: keywords
subject: Logistic Regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Divide
  topic: keywords
subject: Adoption Barriers
  topic: keywords
creator: Hassan Raza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 25
ending page: 48

Economic Impact of Climate Variability on Smallholder Farming Systems
type: item
description: Climate variability is affecting smallholder agriculture systems, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa where over 90% of croplands are rainfall dependent and 55-62% of people rely on agriculture for livelihood. A problem-driven, mixed method approach was used to assess the economic impacts of climate variability on smallholder farmers in three agroecological zones. Data of 1,236 households from a survey was integrated with 30 years of climate data, and tested using fixed effects panel regression, logistic regression, propensity score matching, quantile regression, spatial econometrics, structural equation modelling and nine machine learning models. The study demonstrates that a unit increase in temperature anomaly reduces the net farm income by 0.567-0.823 units, and severe drought lowers the yield of maize by 47.3% and food security index by 0.36% (p<0.01). Climate shocks account for 72.5% of household losses of income (mean USD 487 per year) due to crop failure (54.2%), livestock mortality (18.3%), post-harvest losses (12.4%), losses in labour productivity (8.7%) and price volatility (6.4%). Spatial spillovers reveal local vulnerability is compounded by climate shocks in adjacent regions, and impulse response functions reveal that economic shocks last up to eight seasons. Adaptation capacity provides significant protection, declining at index values >0.7. Machine learning shows the XGBoost predictor is the highest performing, and structural equation modelling confirms the climate shock-food insecurity link. Climate variability creates large, persistent and contagious economic effects on smallholder systems, demanding quantile-sensitive, gender-responsive and location-specific climate adaptation policies which address both direct and indirect (market) effects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smallholder Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Variability
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Impacts
  topic: keywords
subject: Food Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Sub-Saharan Africa
  topic: keywords
creator: Amina Khalid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 1
ending page: 24

Impact of Agroforestry Practices on Carbon Sequestration and Soil Fertility in Developing Countries
type: item
description: Agroforestry has emerged as a promising land-use system capable of addressing climate change, soil degradation, and declining agricultural sustainability. This study quantitatively and qualitatively assessed the impacts of different agroforestry systems on soil organic carbon dynamics, biomass carbon stocks, and total ecosystem carbon across representative agro-ecological conditions. Field-based measurements combined with analytical modeling were used to evaluate above-ground, below-ground, and soil carbon pools in comparison with conventional land-use systems. The results reveal that agroforestry systems consistently exhibit higher soil organic carbon stocks, enhanced biomass carbon accumulation, and greater total ecosystem carbon storage. Mature agri-silviculture and silvopastoral systems demonstrated the highest carbon sequestration potential, while diversified agroforestry arrangements showed improved carbon stability and reduced variability across plots. Graphical analyses further indicated strong positive relationships between biomass inputs and soil carbon enhancement, confirming the synergistic role of trees in regulating carbon cycling. The integration of multiple data sources reduced uncertainty and highlighted system-specific drivers influencing carbon sequestration rates. Overall, the findings confirm that agroforestry significantly outperforms conventional agriculture in terms of carbon storage and soil health improvement, offering a resilient and scalable strategy for climate change mitigation, land degradation neutrality, and sustainable agricultural development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agroforestry
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon Sequestration
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil Organic Carbon
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Land Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Change Mitigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecosystem Resilience
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Arshad Khan
creator: Muhammad Mansoor
creator: Sonia Sumreen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Arshad Khan, Muhammad Mansoor, Sonia Sumreen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 103
ending page: 134

Neuropharmacological Interventions for Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
type: item
description: Mental retardation remains one of the most devastating facts about schizophrenia as it significantly impairs functional outcome even though there is an improvement in antipsychotic treatment. This paper methodically evaluated the neuropharmacological efficacy of certain modulatory substances such as NMDA receptor enhancers, dopamine D1 agonists, 6-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists and GABAergic modulators on the critical cognitive domains such as working memory, attention, executive functioning and processing speed. Mixed-method experimental design, using randomized controlled trials, cognition tests, serum biomarker profiling and neuroimaging measures was used. These results showed that the greatest consistent improvements in working memory and cognitive flexibility were observed with NMDA-enhancing drugs with a mean improvement of 1825% compared to baseline. Dopamine D1 agonist stimulants significantly boosted performance and processing speed in attentional tasks, whereas 7-nAChR agonists stimulated language learning and long-term attention, in a mild but sustained manner. There was a heterogeneous responses of GABAergic modulators, which were correlated with substantial negative symptom burden reduction in cognitive domains. The findings of the neuroimaging data revealed increased prefrontal cortex activity after treatment with a strong correlation (r = 0.64, p < 0.001) with cognitive score improvements. The combined results support a multimodal neuropharmacological strategy as more useful than mono-mechanistic therapies, with a prospective therapeutic approach to the improvement of the cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Schizophrenia
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuropharmacology
  topic: keywords
subject: Nmda Enhancers
  topic: keywords
subject: Dopamine Modulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Α7-Nicotinic Agonists
  topic: keywords
creator: Sajjad Mehdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sajjad Mehdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 77
ending page: 102

Cognitive Trajectory Mapping in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Longitudinal Neuropediatric Study
type: item
description: This longitudinal neurogeriatrics analysis has observed patterns of cognitive trajectory of persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) over a multi-year follow-up, through serial neuropsychological assessment, neuroimaging biomarkers and advanced trajectory-modeling algorithms. The participants were aged between 55 and 85 years old and went through various evaluations of memory, executive functioning, attention, processing velocity and visuospatial functions, together with structural MRI and resting-state functional connectivity. The outcomes revealed that there were three major cognitive pathways which included a steady group with minor deficits, a progressive group with significant losses to dementia, and a compensating group showing partial improvements or levelling off trends that were associated with increased cognitive reserve. The classification of trajectories was significantly influenced by baseline hippocampus volume, default mode network connection strength and cardiometabolic risk profile. Clustering of machine-learning increased sensitivity in early micro-declines, particularly in episodic memory and executive functioning, and had an 85% predicting accuracy of dementia conversion during the follow-up period. The steepest slopes of the trajectories were observed in people with a high level of baseline atrophy and vascular comorbidity, and the less pronounced slope was seen in people with high levels of education, physical activity, and better psychosocial interaction. Conclusively, the article observes that the cognitive trajectory mapping is an effective and clinically significant method of understanding and forecasting long-term cognitive effects in MCI. This has significant implications on early intervention, personalized monitoring and ways to prevent dementia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mild Cognitive Impairment
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Trajectories
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuropediatric
  topic: keywords
subject: Longitudinal Study
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroimaging Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Dementia Progression
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabia Nasir
creator: Muska Hayat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rabia Nasir, Muska Hayat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 52
ending page: 76

Genetic Predisposition to Sudden Cardiac Death: A Molecular Cardiology Study
type: item
description: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a major global health challenge, and increasing evidence highlights the critical role of genetic predisposition in modulating individual susceptibility. This molecular cardiology study systematically investigated pathogenic, likely pathogenic, and risk-associated variants across key cardiac ion-channel, desmosomal, and sarcomeric genes to determine their contribution to inherited arrhythmogenic risk. Using next-generation sequencing and functional molecular assays, we identified a significantly elevated burden of deleterious variants in KCNQ1, SCN5A, RYR2, PKP2, and LMNA among individuals with a documented family history of SCD. Quantitative variant impact modelling revealed that mutations affecting ion-channel gating kinetics and intracellular calcium handling were strongly associated with abnormal electrophysiological responses, including prolonged repolarization (QTc > 480 ms), conduction delays, and increased arrhythmic triggers. Moreover, genotype–phenotype correlation analyses demonstrated that carriers of compound or multiple heterozygous variants exhibited a 2.7-fold higher risk of malignant arrhythmias compared to single-variant carriers. Functional characterization further confirmed that several novel variants resulted in reduced channel current density, impaired desmosomal integrity, and destabilized myocardial structural proteins, collectively driving electrical instability. Overall, the results of this study underscore the substantial contribution of inherited genetic abnormalities to SCD vulnerability and highlight the importance of integrating molecular genetic screening with clinical risk stratification. The identification of high-impact variants and their mechanistic consequences provide a foundation for targeted surveillance, family cascade screening, and future gene-directed therapeutic interventions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Genetic Predisposition
  topic: keywords
subject: Sudden Cardiac Death
  topic: keywords
subject: Ion-Channel Mutations
  topic: keywords
subject: Arrhythmia Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular Cardiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Variant Pathogenicity
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahzad Rafiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shahzad Rafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 27
ending page: 51

Diabetic Retinopathy Progression and Endocrine Correlates: A Multicenter Study
type: item
description: The research is a multicentric study, and it is aimed at researching the further development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its reliance on an all-encompassing endocrine data to identify the predictors of the severity and the progression of the disease. One hundred patients were measured in various tertiary hospitals, retinal imaging and bio-chemical indicators (HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin resistance indices ( HOMA-IR ) and lipid profile, thyroid hormone, cortisol level, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Statistical modelling demonstrated that incremental and steady change in the level of HbA1c and augmented insulin resistance were the most powerful predictors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression. Much greater proportions of mild/moderate non-proliferative DR to proliferative DR were identified in the group of patients with poor glycemic control during the long-term period. This was worsened by dyslipidemia, which in this instance was the high triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol that worsened the microvascular health. The retinal structural alteration and the predisposition to neovascularization were directly linked to endocrine problems (subclinical hypothyroidism and high cortisol levels). The mechanism relationships between systemic cytokines (IL-6, CRP, TNF-a) and retinal edema and hemorrhagic changes were strong, which showed that a mechanistic relationship exists between systemic cytokines and pathology of the eye. Multivariate regression and predictive modelling have demonstrated a massive level of accuracy (AUC >0.85) in course predictions of diabetic retinopathy by using only endocrine markers. The point of the research is that the use of endocrine signs in the DR screening plans can greatly improve the early detection, risk assessment, and preventive strategy. These findings have significance in the sense that there is a need to apply a multidisciplinary approach to integrate ophthalmologic monitoring with endocrine support to minimize effects of the…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wheat Genotypes
  topic: keywords
subject: Fertilization Rates
  topic: keywords
subject: Nitrogen Efficiency,
  topic: keywords
subject: Grain Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Yield Components
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Agriculture
  topic: keywords
creator: Rida Naz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rida Naz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 26

Extraction and purification of proteins from Prunus armeniaca seeds
type: item
description: Prunus armeniaca (apricot) is a nutrient-dense plant widely cultivated for its edible fruit and valuable seed components. In addition to supplying essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, apricot seeds are a rich yet underexplored source of plant proteins with potential applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to extract, purify, and characterize proteins from P. armeniaca seeds, evaluate their biological activity, and compare protein content between seeds collected from warm and cold climatic regions. Seed proteins were extracted using four different buffer systems, and purification was achieved by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The degree of purity was assessed using SDS-PAGE, while protein concentration was quantified spectrophotometrically. Functional properties were examined through antibacterial assays and methylene blue adsorption tests. Higher protein concentration was observed in the seeds of high-temperature regions compared to lower-temperature seeds. For high-temperature seed, the highest protein concentration (13.1 mg/µl) was achieved in Tris-HCl buffer, while distilled water gave the highest concentration (9.098 mg/ µl) in lower temperature seed. Optimal protein recovery was obtained at 65 % and 70 % ammonium sulfate saturation. However, the purified proteins showed no significant antibacterial activity and failed to remove methylene blue, suggesting limited antimicrobial and adsorptive potential. Comparative assessment revealed higher protein content in seeds from warmer regions, indicating temperature-related variation in protein synthesis. This work highlights P. armeniaca seeds as an important yet underutilized source of plant proteins. Environmental factors strongly influence protein yield, and further structural and functional studies are warranted to explore potential biotechnological and therapeutic applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Prunus armeniaca
  topic: keywords
subject: Seed protein extraction
  topic: keywords
subject: Ammonium sulfate precipitation
  topic: keywords
subject: SDS-PAGE characterization
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibacterial and functional analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Haseeb Ahmed
creator: Ammar Azmat
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Haseeb Ahmed, Ammar Azmat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30
starting page: 10
ending page: 19

Studying the Role of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: Exploring Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment
type: item
description: Autophagy plays a dual role in cancer, acting as both a tumor suppressor and promoter depending on context. In this study, we quantified basal autophagy marker expression (LC3-II, p62) across five human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF-7, HeLa, PC3, HCT116) and evaluated the antitumor efficacy of a novel ULK1 inhibitor alone and in combination with chloroquine (CQ) and doxorubicin. HeLa cells exhibited the highest LC3-II (1.5 AU) and lowest ULK1 inhibitor IC₅₀ (1.8 µM), whereas HCT116 showed the lowest LC3-II (0.8 AU) and highest IC₅₀ (3.5 µM), indicating that elevated autophagic flux correlates with increased sensitivity to ULK1 blockade (r = –0.85). In MCF-7 cells, CQ monotherapy reduced viability from 100% to 10% at 40 µM, and combined CQ/doxorubicin treatment shifted cell death toward apoptosis (75%) versus necrosis (25%). Higher p62 levels correlated positively with IC₅₀ (r = 0.72), suggesting p62 as a predictive biomarker for inhibitor responsiveness. In vivo, ULK1 inhibitor administration (10 mg/kg, every other day for 21 days) in xenograft-bearing mice achieved tumor volume reductions of 20–40%, with HeLa-derived tumors most responsive. Statistical analyses confirmed significant differences among treatments (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). These data establish that cancer cells with high autophagic activity are particularly vulnerable to ULK1 inhibition and that autophagy blockade can potentiate chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity. Our findings support the use of LC3-II and p62 as stratification biomarkers and advocate for further clinical development of combination regimens targeting autophagy in precision oncology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Autophagy
  topic: keywords
subject: ULK1 Inhibitor
  topic: keywords
subject: Chloroquine
  topic: keywords
subject: Apoptosis
  topic: keywords
subject: P62
  topic: keywords
subject: Xenograft Models
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Tanzeel Akhtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Tanzeel Akhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 50
ending page: 61

The Role of Hormonal Imbalance in Reproductive Failure in Dairy Cows: Clinical Investigations and Treatment Strategies
type: item
description: Hormonal imbalances play a significant role in reproductive failure in dairy cows, which is a major concern for dairy farmers globally due to the resulting economic losses. This study aimed to investigate the impact of hormonal imbalances on reproductive failure and explore the clinical manifestations, treatment strategies, and interventions that can mitigate these challenges. The research involved field studies across 20 dairy farms, where hormonal assays and clinical observations were conducted. Significant hormonal imbalances were found in cows with reproductive failure, particularly low estradiol and progesterone levels, which were associated with disorders such as anoestrus, silent heat, and embryonic loss. The study also examined various treatment strategies, including hormonal supplementation, nutritional interventions, and advanced reproductive technologies such as timed artificial insemination, ovum pick-up, and in-vitro fertilization. The findings indicate that timely interventions, particularly hormonal treatments and nutritional strategies, can improve reproductive outcomes. This study highlights the need for integrated management approaches that combine clinical, nutritional, and technological strategies to enhance reproductive performance in dairy herds
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hormonal Imbalance
  topic: keywords
subject: Reproductive Failure
  topic: keywords
subject: Dairy Cows
  topic: keywords
subject: Estradiol
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Insemination
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahid Iqbal
creator: Imdad Ullah Khan
creator: Fawad Ahmad
creator: Saeed Ullah
creator: Aftab Ahmed
creator: Israruddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shahid Iqbal, Imdad Ullah Khan , Fawad Ahmad , Saeed Ullah , Aftab Ahmed, Israruddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 35
ending page: 49

Bio-stimulant Potential of Organic Compost Teas on Spinach Performance and Soil Properties
type: item
description: This research was conducted to investigate the influence of compost tea made from various organic sources on the growth, yield, and soil quality in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). The experiment followed a randomized complete block design, incorporating four treatment groups: an untreated control, poultry manure compost tea (PMCT), farmyard manure compost tea (FYMCT), and vegetable compost tea (VCT). The compost teas were applied as foliar sprays at regular intervals throughout the crop’s growth cycle. Significant improvements in growth-related traits were observed in all compost tea-treated plots compared to the control. Among the treatments, PMCT led to the highest increases in plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry biomass, and number of leaves. FYMCT and VCT also showed notable enhancements, though to a lesser extent. In addition to plant performance, PMCT significantly raised soil organic matter levels, highlighting its role in improving soil condition. These improvements were largely attributed to the rich nutrient composition and beneficial microbial populations present in the compost teas. Their application likely stimulated nutrient availability and uptake, contributing to better vegetative growth and soil fertility. The findings support the potential of compost teas, especially those derived from poultry manure, in promoting sustainable spinach production
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Compost Tea
  topic: keywords
subject: Farmyard Manure
  topic: keywords
subject: Spinach
  topic: keywords
subject: Poultry Manure
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil Organic Matter
  topic: keywords
subject: Yield
  topic: keywords
creator: Fahad Ali
creator: Zahid Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fahad Ali, Zahid Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 27
ending page: 34

Developing CRISPR-Based Therapies for Genetic Diseases: Clinical Trials and Regulatory Challenges
type: item
description: CRISPR-based therapies have emerged as transformative tools for treating genetic diseases, yet their clinical implementation presents a complex interplay of scientific promise and regulatory scrutiny. This study analyzed 58 registered clinical trials employing CRISPR-Cas systems for therapeutic purposes, focusing on trial characteristics, delivery methods, gene targets, geographical distribution, and regulatory challenges. The majority of trials targeted oncological (37.9%) and hematological (20.7%) disorders, with over 65% in early-phase development (Phase I or I/II).Ex vivo methods based on lentiviral vectors and electroporation differed from in vivo approaches mainly on a basis of adeno-associated viruses (AAV) or lipid nanoparticles. Gene modifications with emphasis on PD-1, important for cancer immunotherapy, and BCL11A prioritized in hemoglobinopathy repair. Based on stakeholder interviews off-target risk was the greatest regulatory barrier (87%), followed by long-term monitoring (76%) and delivery safety (72%). Central ethical issues consisted of concerns regarding the processes of informed consent, participants’ unequal access, and the moral aspects of germline editing. Medians of existing studies showed a 67% editing efficiency, 18% adverse events, and a meager completion rate of 62% for trials. Despite these impediments, more than half, approximately 60%, of the respondents from regulatory, clinical, industry, and ethics communities supported increased trials – provided rigorous preventative measures are upheld. Based on this research, it’s clear that it takes harmonized regulations, continued safety surveillance, and designs rooted in ethical value to safely and equitably introduce CRISpen-based technologies. This paper provides working suggestions on how CRISpen could be used, safely and efficiently in clinical environments and reveals how CRISpen is moving from experimental research to effective therapies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: CRISPR-Cas9
  topic: keywords
subject: Gene Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical Trials
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory Challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: Genome Editing
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethical Considerations
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabia Nasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rabia Nasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 13
ending page: 26

Biochemical Markers for Early Detection of Liver Diseases in Dogs: A Clinical Diagnostic Approach
type: item
description: Early detection of liver diseases in dogs remains a significant clinical challenge due to the nonspecific nature of early clinical signs and the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of conventional and emerging biochemical markers to improve early detection and stratification of hepatic dysfunction in canine patients. A cohort of 60 dogs with varying degrees of liver impairment underwent clinical evaluation, biochemical profiling, imaging, and molecular analyses. Results demonstrated that while traditional liver enzymes—alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin—remain essential indicators of hepatocellular injury and cholestasis, their diagnostic sensitivity in early disease stages is limited. Novel biomarkers, including hyaluronic acid, procollagen III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), showed a significant correlation with fibrotic progression and offered improved sensitivity in early-stage detection. The advanced stages of disease exhibited sharp elevations in inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) which indicates systemic inflammation's contribution to hepatic pathology. The disease severity correlated with elevated mitochondrial damage markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity level assessments. Machine learning algorithms combined with metabolomic profiling produced new potential predictive models which identify liver dysfunction through multiple biomarkers. These research outcomes suggest an urgent necessity for diagnostic strategies that integrate multiple markers along with modern molecular investigation technologies with traditional laboratory indicators. The combined diagnostic strategy shows promise to enable improved diagnostics and disease tracking and therapeutic management for dogs with liv…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Liver Disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Dogs
  topic: keywords
subject: Biochemical Markers
  topic: keywords
subject: Fibrosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Early Diagnosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Umer Farooq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Umer Farooq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 12

Improving Blood Transfusion Safety: Addressing the Risk of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
type: item
description: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) remains one of the leading causes of transfusion-associated morbidity and mortality, necessitating an evidence-based, multidimensional approach to its prevention. This study retrospectively examined 198 TRALI cases and 396 matched controls across three tertiary care hospitals to identify clinical, procedural, and institutional risk factors. TRALI cases were associated with significantly higher volumes of transfused blood products—particularly plasma and platelets—and a greater frequency of transfusions involving female and multiparous donors. Donor anti-HLA antibody positivity was identified in 28.3% of TRALI cases compared to 10.6% in controls. Logistic regression analysis identified anti-HLA antibody positivity (adjusted OR = 3.42, p < 0.001), prolonged blood storage (>14 days) (OR = 2.11, p = 0.002), and recipient sepsis (OR = 1.67, p = 0.014) as independent predictors of TRALI.Incidence rates of TRALI differed based on organizations practices in a hospital. Hospitals that had adopted leukoreduction precept as well as subjected donors to strict screening processes recorded a lesser TRALI incidence. Out of those suffering from TRALI, 86.4% required assisted breathing, 62.8% were hospitalized in ICU for more than five days and had a 30-day mortality rate of 28.2%, significantly greater than comparison groups – demonstrating the poor prognosis. Bar and line charts created through visual analytics showed a difference in donors, modes of transfusion, comorbidity, and patient outcomes, supporting conclusions of the study. These results demonstrate that TRALI is the consequence of multifactorial immunologic factors, transfusion practices, and patient characteristics, rather than overloading transfusion volume. It is obvious for individuals who are at a higher risk that there is the need for uniform transfusion policies and regular surveillance, and donor checks are necessary as proposed by the study. The containment of TRALI…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: TRALI,
  topic: keywords
subject: Blood Transfusion Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Donor Antibodies
  topic: keywords
subject: Plasma Transfusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Leukoreduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Transfusion Outcomes
  topic: keywords
creator: Farman Ullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Farman Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-23
publication date: 2025-05-23
starting page: 45
ending page: 58

The Efficacy of Anti-Parasitic Treatments for Controlling Tick-Borne Diseases in Dogs and Cattle
type: item
description: Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) represent a significant threat to animal health and livestock productivity, particularly affecting dogs and cattle globally. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anti-parasitic treatments and integrated control strategies for managing tick infestations and associated pathogens. Through a systematic secondary analysis of peer-reviewed literature and surveillance data, the research assessed acaricide effectiveness, vaccine availability, resistance trends, and sustainability of various control approaches. Results indicated that isoxazoline-based acaricides (e.g., fluralaner, afoxolaner) provided the highest efficacy and longest protection duration in dogs, whereas commonly used cattle acaricides such as amitraz and ivermectin showed moderate efficacy and a higher risk of resistance. Vaccine efficacy varied across pathogens; Borrelia burgdorferi vaccines provided efficient protection to dogs but protection rates for Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale vaccines in cattle were only partial. Studies using integrated pest management (IPM) strategies revealed 85% effectiveness in pest control while showing the least resistance risk compared to using individual methods. Statistical analysis showed that treatment effectiveness linked directly to its duration of implementation and detailed environmental aspects of adoption rates between different control strategies. The study highlighted the pressing requirement for environmentally friendly control methods because excessive chemical treatment development has caused both acaricide resistance and ecological destruction. Molecular diagnostics and GIS-based mapping surveillance tools identified crucial infection zones and tracked pathogen movements effectively. Research indicates that successful TBD management requires adopting an integrated One Health framework by combining chemical treatments with biological methods and environmental measures alongside immunological interve The study highlight…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tick-Borne Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Acaricide Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccine Efficacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Integrated Pest Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Dogs
  topic: keywords
subject: Cattle
  topic: keywords
creator: Aftab Ahmed
creator: Syed Muhammad Ali Ramish
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Aftab Ahmed, Syed Muhammad Ali Ramish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-23
publication date: 2025-05-23
starting page: 32
ending page: 44

Evaluating the Long-Term Effects of Environmental Toxins on Human Health: A Focus on Developmental and Neurological Disorders
type: item
description: Environmental toxins have emerged as critical determinants of human health, particularly in relation to developmental and neurological outcomes. This study employed a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the long-term effects of pollutant exposure across four urban and peri-urban regions, integrating epidemiological analysis, biomarker profiling, gene expression data, and qualitative interviews. Quantitative findings revealed significantly elevated levels of PM2.5, NO₂, lead, and mercury in urban environments, correlating with increased prevalence of developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (up to 2.8%) and ADHD (up to 9.4%), and higher incidence rates of neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, and migraine.A nested cohort sample of 300 participants reported that gene expression profiling revealed dysregulated patterns such as elevated IL6, TNFA and CYP1A1 in addition to reduced expression levels. >High PM2.5 exposure, lead levels, economic disadvantage, and indoor smoking were closely associated with a higher risk 1.21–1.55; p < 0.05). Semi-structured interviews of 40 participants uncovered that most individuals cared about local air quality, experienced challenges regarding obtaining medical care, and engaged in a myriad of methods for adapting to their situation. In conclusion, the results together emphasize the widespread public health threat of environmental toxins and the critical necessity for effective public health and regulatory actions. To protect those most susceptible and reduce the enduring effects of environmental toxins, initiatives like pollution control, biomonitoring and people-in charge efforts, should be used as a priority..
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Environmental Toxins
  topic: keywords
subject: Neurological Disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: Developmental Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Air Pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
subject: Gene Expression
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahzad Rafiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Shahzad Rafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-23
publication date: 2025-05-23
starting page: 19
ending page: 31

Optimizing Maize Growth and Soil Health Using Integrated Nutrient Management
type: item
description: The incorporation of organic and inorganic fertilizers in maize production has gained increasing attention due to its potential to enhance crop yield and soil fertility. Maize being important cereal requires a balanced supply of nutrients for optimal growth and productivity. Inorganic fertilizers improve maize performance and soil properties i.e. pH, nutrient content and availability, their continuous use may lead to nutrient imbalances, soil acidification and excessive nitrate leaching. Contrariwise, organic fertilizers offer sustainable benefits but face challenges related to nutrient release, availability and transportation. This investigation highlights the significance of integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers as a sustainable approach to maize production. Results suggest that sole reliance on either fertilizer type is insufficient for long-term productivity. The collective application of organic and inorganic fertilizers enhances maize yield, improves soil health and supports sustainable agricultural practices. This study recommends integrated nutrient management as a viable strategy for improving maize productivity and ensuring food security.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organic Fertilizers
  topic: keywords
subject: Maize Productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Inorganic Fertilizers
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil Fertility
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutrient Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Agriculture
  topic: keywords
creator: Rima Bibi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Rima Bibi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 10
ending page: 18

Fortified Organic Fertilizers as Alternatives to Inorganic Fertilizers for Maize Production
type: item
description: This study was conducted during 2024 maize growing season to evaluate effects of nitrogen-enriched organic fertilizers on maize growth, yield, and soil nutrient status. fertilizers assessed included an enriched organic fertilizer (MFERT) and nitrogen-fortified poultry manure (PTM), compared against conventional inorganic NPK fertilizer and an unfertilized control. results indicated that maize plants grown with enriched organic fertilizers exhibited growth and yield characteristics comparable to those treated with inorganic fertilizer. At harvest, plants treated with MFERT attained an average height of 261 cm, followed closely by those receiving fortified poultry manure (254 cm) and inorganic fertilizer (254 cm). time required to reach 50% tasseling varied among treatments, with inorganic fertilizer allowing fastest tasseling at 52 days, followed by MFERT at 50 days, PTM at 54 days, and control taking longest. Grain yield was significantly influenced by fertilization, with MFERT yielding 3.96 t ha⁻¹, NPK fertilizer producing 3.55 t ha⁻¹, PTM yielding 3.14 t ha⁻¹, and control yielding lowest at 2.66 t ha⁻¹. findings suggest that enriched organic fertilizers can serve as viable alternatives to conventional inorganic fertilizers for sustaining maize growth and yield.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maize
  topic: keywords
subject: Organic Fertilizers
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil Nutrients
  topic: keywords
subject: Nitrogen Enrichment
  topic: keywords
subject: Crop Yield
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hassan Mehmood
creator: Dr. Naveed Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Hassan Mehmood, Dr. Naveed Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-23
publication date: 2025-05-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 9

The Role of Nitrogen Fertilization in Improving Wheat Crop Yields
type: item
description: A field study was conducted during the 2021-22 growing season to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha⁻¹) on the performance of two wheat genotypes, Galaxyand AZRCDera. The study meticulously gathered detailed data on various growth and yield parameters, which were then rigorously analyzed. The findings revealed that AZRC-Dera consistently outperformed Galaxyacross several key metrics. Throughout the crop growth cycle, AZRC-Dera produced notably taller plants, a trend that was significantly enhanced by incremental nitrogen application. The application of nitrogen at 120 kg ha⁻¹ was particularly effective, resulting in substantial increases in both the number of tillers and fertile tillers per plant in AZRC-Dera. Furthermore, the grain yield of AZRC-Dera was markedly higher compared to Galaxy, underscoring the genotype's superior responsiveness to nitrogen fertilization. The study conclusively demonstrated that each incremental addition of nitrogen fertilizer had a positive impact on the growth and productivity of the wheat cultivars under investigation. AZRC-Dera, in particular, exhibited notable superiority in several growth and yield parameters, making it a promising candidate for achieving higher wheat productivity through optimized nitrogen management. The research highlights the critical role of nitrogen fertilization in enhancing wheat growth and yield, with AZRC-Dera showing significant advantages in terms of plant height, tiller production, and grain yield. These findings provide valuable insights for agronomic practices aimed at maximizing wheat productivity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wheat genotypes
  topic: keywords
subject: Fertilization rates
  topic: keywords
subject: Nitrogen efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Grain quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Yield components
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable agriculture
  topic: keywords
creator: Muneeba
creator: Faran Muhammad
creator: Muhammad Shafique
creator: Muhammad Bilal
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Muneeba, Faran Muhammad, Muhammad Shafique, Muhammad Bilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 30
ending page: 35

Dose-Response Relationship of NPK Fertigation on Melon Growth and Yield
type: item
description: The goal of the study was to determine how different NPK fertigation levels affected the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) growth and yield in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) ecological zone. Using three replications and a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five NPK levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the advised 150:120:90 kg/ha), the experiment was carried out at the Arid Zone Research Centre during the rainy season of 2021. Plant height, leaf count, number of male and female flowers, days to 50% flowering, fruit count, and fruit weight at harvest were among the parameters that were measured. Results showed that raising NPK levels, especially at 75% of the prescribed dose, significantly increased plant height, leaf count, and flower count. At 100% NPK, the plants reached their maximum height (119.68 cm at 6 weeks and 227.16 cm at 10 weeks) and leaf count (41 leaves at 6 weeks and 79 leaves at 10 weeks), with 75% NPK coming in close second. At 75% NPK (18 flowers) and 100% NPK (17 flowers), the largest number of blooms per plant was observed. Significant progress was also shown in the fruit weight, with the highest average fruit weight (6.43 kg) being produced by 75% NPK. According to the study's findings, NPK fertigation at 75% of the suggested dosage greatly increases watermelon growth and yield; as a result, farmers in the area are advised to use this technique to increase productivity and profitability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: NPK levels
  topic: keywords
subject: especially
  topic: keywords
subject: increase productivity
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Suleman Aziz
creator: Faran Muhammad
creator: Rashid Khan
creator: Muhammad Shafique
creator: Muhammad Dilawaiz Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Suleman Aziz, Faran Muhammad, Rashid Khan, Muhammad Shafique, Muhammad Dilawaiz Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 23
ending page: 29

Optimizing Atrazine Application Rates for Efficacious Weed Control in Maize Cultivation
type: item
description: This study delves into the intricate task of optimizing atrazine application rates to achieve efficacious weed control in maize cultivation. Atrazine, a widely employed herbicide known for its effectiveness against various weed species, is a cornerstone in contemporary weed management strategies. The challenge lies in identifying the precise application rates that strike a balance between robust weed eradication and minimizing potential ecological impacts. Through meticulous field trials and systematic data analyses, this research systematically explores a range of atrazine application rates to discern their differential effects on weed populations, crop health, and overall maize productivity. The experimental design incorporates varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ml L-1) of atrazine, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of its impact on both target weeds and the maize crop. Parameters such as weed density, species composition, crop vigor, and yield components are rigorously assessed. The study aims to elucidate the optimal atrazine application rates that maximize weed control efficacy while minimizing the risk of adverse effects on non-target organisms and environmental sustainability. The anticipated outcomes of this research hold significant implications for sustainable agriculture, providing practitioners with data-driven insights to refine atrazine application practices. By offering a nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between atrazine dosages and weed control outcomes, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on precision herbicide application in maize cultivation. Ultimately, the findings aim to guide farmers, agronomists, and policymakers towards more informed and sustainable weed management practices in maize crops.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: experimental design incorporates
  topic: keywords
creator: Muneeba
creator: Faran Muhammad
creator: Rashid Khan
creator: Muhammad Shafique
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Muneeba, Faran Muhammad, Rashid Khan, Muhammad Shafique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 15
ending page: 22

Herbicide Strategies for Effective Weed Eradication in Maize Crop
type: item
description: In this research endeavor, we delve into the intricate domain of weed management within maize crop cultivation, undertaking a systematic exploration of herbicide strategies. The study examines the efficacy of atrazine, paraquat, glyphosate, pendimethalin, and a control group, meticulously evaluating their impact on crucial parameters— specifically, weed population, plant height, grain yield, biomass yield, and straw yield. Through meticulously designed field trials and systematic analyses, the study aims to elucidate the nuanced interactions between herbicide applications and the specified parameters. The findings are anticipated to contribute valuable insights into optimizing herbicide strategies, offering practical guidance for farmers and agronomists striving to strike the delicate balance between effective weed eradication and sustainable maize crop cultivation practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: meticulously
  topic: keywords
subject: designed
  topic: keywords
creator: Hidayat Ihsan
creator: Kashif Hussain
creator: Muhammad Suleman Aziz
creator: Faran Muhammad
creator: Muhammad Dilawaiz Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Hidayat Ihsan, Kashif Hussain, Muhammad Suleman Aziz, Faran Muhammad, Muhammad Dilawaiz Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 14

Variations in Phosphorus Leaching Across Diverse Soil Textures
type: item
description: This lysimeter study investigates the dynamics of phosphorus leaching across a spectrum of soil textures, encompassing loam, sandy, sandy loam, clay, and sandy clay. Employing a controlled experimental design, we analyzed the leaching behavior of phosphorus in these distinct soil types under controlled environmental conditions. The study aimed to discern the impact of soil texture on phosphorus mobility, with a focus on understanding the potential implications for nutrient transport and environmental sustainability. Results revealed notable variations in phosphorus leaching patterns among the different soil textures, shedding light on the complex interplay between soil composition and nutrient transport. These findings contribute valuable insights to the field of soil science, facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of phosphorus dynamics in diverse soil environments and informing sustainable agricultural practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Leachate
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphorus
  topic: keywords
subject: Lysimeter
  topic: keywords
subject: Texture
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriculture
  topic: keywords
creator: Muneeba
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Muneeba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 6

Herbicide Strategies for Effective Weed Eradication in Maize Crop
type: item
description: In this research endeavor, we delve into the intricate domain of weed management within maize crop cultivation, undertaking a systematic exploration of herbicide strategies. The study examines the efficacy of atrazine, paraquat, glyphosate, pendimethalin, and a control group, meticulously evaluating their impact on crucial parameters— specifically, weed population, plant height, grain yield, biomass yield, and straw yield. Through meticulously designed field trials and systematic analyses, the study aims to elucidate the nuanced interactions between herbicide applications and the specified parameters. The findings are anticipated to contribute valuable insights into optimizing herbicide strategies, offering practical guidance for farmers and agronomists striving to strike the delicate balance between effective weed eradication and sustainable maize crop cultivation practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Rima Bibi
creator: Abdul Fateh Soomro
creator: Nisar Ahmad Soomro
creator: Khalil Ahmed Solangi
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Rima Bibi, Abdul Fateh Soomro, Nisar Ahmad Soomro, Khalil Ahmed Solangi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 32
ending page: 39

Optimizing Atrazine Application Rates for Efficacious Weed Control in Maize Cultivation
type: item
description: This study delves into the intricate task of optimizing atrazine application rates to achieve efficacious weed control in maize cultivation. Atrazine, a widely employed herbicide known for its effectiveness against various weed species, is a cornerstone in contemporary weed management strategies. The challenge lies in identifying the precise application rates that strike a balance between robust weed eradication and minimizing potential ecological impacts. Through meticulous field trials and systematic data analyses, this research systematically explores a range of atrazine application rates to discern their differential effects on weed populations, crop health, and overall maize productivity. The experimental design incorporates varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ml L-1) of atrazine, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of its impact on both target weeds and the maize crop. Parameters such as weed density, species composition, crop vigor, and yield components are rigorously assessed. The study aims to elucidate the optimal atrazine application rates that maximize weed control efficacy while minimizing the risk of adverse effects on non-target organisms and environmental sustainability. The anticipated outcomes of this research hold significant implications for sustainable agriculture, providing practitioners with data-driven insights to refine atrazine application practices. By offering a nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between atrazine dosages and weed control outcomes, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on precision herbicide application in maize cultivation. Ultimately, the findings aim to guide farmers, agronomists, and policymakers towards more informed and sustainable weed management practices in maize crops.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zubair Rehman
creator: Abdul Baseer khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Zubair Rehman, Abdul Baseer khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 23
ending page: 30

Unveiling the Transformative Impact of Organic Amendments on Soil Physical Properties
type: item
description: This study investigates the transformative impact of organic amendments on critical soil physical properties through a controlled incubation study. Employing compost, peat, farm manure, crop residues, and a no-amendment treatment as distinct variables, we systematically analyze alterations in bulk density, porosity, water retention, soil strength, and texture. The incubation study, designed to simulate real-world soil conditions, provides a comprehensive understanding of how these organic amendments influence key aspects of soil structure and function over time. Our findings illuminate the nuanced dynamics between each amendment and the targeted soil physical properties, revealing potential pathways for enhancing soil resilience, nutrient availability, and water management. This research not only contributes to the scientific understanding of organic amendments' effects but also provides practical insights for sustainable agricultural practices, guiding efforts to optimize soil conditions for improved crop productivity and environmental sustainability
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organic amendments
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil physical properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Transformative impact
  topic: keywords
subject: Unveiling
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil health
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Arshad
creator: Muhammad Mansoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Mansoor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 16
ending page: 22

Variations in Phosphorus Leaching Across Diverse Soil Textures
type: item
description: This lysimeter study investigates the dynamics of phosphorus leaching across a spectrum of soil textures, encompassing loam, sandy, sandy loam, clay, and sandy clay. Employing a controlled experimental design, we analyzed the leaching behavior of phosphorus in these distinct soil types under controlled environmental conditions. The study aimed to discern the impact of soil texture on phosphorus mobility, with a focus on understanding the potential implications for nutrient transport and environmental sustainability. Results revealed notable variations in phosphorus leaching patterns among the different soil textures, shedding light on the complex interplay between soil composition and nutrient transport. These findings contribute valuable insights to the field of soil science, facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of phosphorus dynamics in diverse soil environments and informing sustainable agricultural practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Leachate
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphorus
  topic: keywords
subject: Lysimeter
  topic: keywords
subject: Texture
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriculture
  topic: keywords
creator: Huma Aziz
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Huma Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 10
ending page: 15