Indus Journal of Agriculture and Biology
Indus Journal of Agriculture and Biology (IJAB) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes high-quality research articles in the fields of agricultural and biological sciences. The journal covers a broad spectrum of disciplines including agro-sciences, ecology, toxicology, cell and developmental biology, genetics, environmental biology, entomology, and biotechnology. IJAB serves as a dynamic platform for academicians, researchers, and professionals to disseminate innovative research and advancements in agriculture and life sciences. The journal is committed to promoting sustainable agricultural practices, enhancing food security, and addressing environmental and toxicological challenges through scientific research. The journal is published by GOMAL EDUCATION NETWORK (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED and follows a semiannual publication frequency, ensuring the timely release of impactful research contributions. IJAB was established with the vision of supporting the global scientific community engaged in agriculture and related disciplines. It aims to provide researchers, scholars, and future scientists with a credible forum to publish their findings and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. The journal invites submissions in the form of full-length research articles, short communications, review papers, and editorials in the areas of agriculture, biological sciences, ecology, toxicology, and environmental studies. Scope of the Journal Agriculture Agronomy, Aquaculture, Crop Production, Entomology, Food Science, Genetic Engineering, Horticulture, Plant Breeding & Genetics, Plant Pathology, Soil Science, Tissue Culture. Biological Anatomy & Physiology, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Biological Engineering, Biomedicine, Cancer Research, Cell & Molecular Biology, Ecology, Environmental Science, Experimental Biology, Immunology, Microbiology, Toxicology, Virology, Animal Science & Zoology.
GOMAL EDUCATION NETWORK (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
Impact of Agroforestry Practices on Carbon Sequestration and Soil Fertility in Developing Countries
Agroforestry has emerged as a promising land-use system capable of addressing climate change, soil degradation, and declining agricultural sustainability. This study quantitatively and qualitatively assessed the impacts of different agroforestry systems on soil organic carbon dynamics, biomass carbon stocks, and total ecosystem carbon across representative agro-ecological conditions. Field-based measurements combined with analytical modeling were used to evaluate above-ground, below-ground, and soil carbon pools in comparison with conventional land-use systems. The results reveal that agroforestry systems consistently exhibit higher soil organic carbon stocks, enhanced biomass carbon accumulation, and greater total ecosystem carbon storage. Mature agri-silviculture and silvopastoral systems demonstrated the highest carbon sequestration potential, while diversified agroforestry arrangements showed improved carbon stability and reduced variability across plots. Graphical analyses further indicated strong positive relationships between biomass inputs and soil carbon enhancement, confirming the synergistic role of trees in regulating carbon cycling. The integration of multiple data sources reduced uncertainty and highlighted system-specific drivers influencing carbon sequestration rates. Overall, the findings confirm that agroforestry significantly outperforms conventional agriculture in terms of carbon storage and soil health improvement, offering a resilient and scalable strategy for climate change mitigation, land degradation neutrality, and sustainable agricultural development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Arshad Khan, Muhammad Mansoor, Sonia Sumreen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Neuropharmacological Interventions for Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Mental retardation remains one of the most devastating facts about schizophrenia as it significantly impairs functional outcome even though there is an improvement in antipsychotic treatment. This paper methodically evaluated the neuropharmacological efficacy of certain modulatory substances such as NMDA receptor enhancers, dopamine D1 agonists, 6-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists and GABAergic modulators on the critical cognitive domains such as working memory, attention, executive functioning and processing speed. Mixed-method experimental design, using randomized controlled trials, cognition tests, serum biomarker profiling and neuroimaging measures was used. These results showed that the greatest consistent improvements in working memory and cognitive flexibility were observed with NMDA-enhancing drugs with a mean improvement of 1825% compared to baseline. Dopamine D1 agonist stimulants significantly boosted performance and processing speed in attentional tasks, whereas 7-nAChR agonists stimulated language learning and long-term attention, in a mild but sustained manner. There was a heterogeneous responses of GABAergic modulators, which were correlated with substantial negative symptom burden reduction in cognitive domains. The findings of the neuroimaging data revealed increased prefrontal cortex activity after treatment with a strong correlation (r = 0.64, p < 0.001) with cognitive score improvements. The combined results support a multimodal neuropharmacological strategy as more useful than mono-mechanistic therapies, with a prospective therapeutic approach to the improvement of the cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahid Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cognitive Trajectory Mapping in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Longitudinal Neuropediatric Study
This longitudinal neurogeriatrics analysis has observed patterns of cognitive trajectory of persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) over a multi-year follow-up, through serial neuropsychological assessment, neuroimaging biomarkers and advanced trajectory-modeling algorithms. The participants were aged between 55 and 85 years old and went through various evaluations of memory, executive functioning, attention, processing velocity and visuospatial functions, together with structural MRI and resting-state functional connectivity. The outcomes revealed that there were three major cognitive pathways which included a steady group with minor deficits, a progressive group with significant losses to dementia, and a compensating group showing partial improvements or levelling off trends that were associated with increased cognitive reserve. The classification of trajectories was significantly influenced by baseline hippocampus volume, default mode network connection strength and cardiometabolic risk profile. Clustering of machine-learning increased sensitivity in early micro-declines, particularly in episodic memory and executive functioning, and had an 85% predicting accuracy of dementia conversion during the follow-up period. The steepest slopes of the trajectories were observed in people with a high level of baseline atrophy and vascular comorbidity, and the less pronounced slope was seen in people with high levels of education, physical activity, and better psychosocial interaction. Conclusively, the article observes that the cognitive trajectory mapping is an effective and clinically significant method of understanding and forecasting long-term cognitive effects in MCI. This has significant implications on early intervention, personalized monitoring and ways to prevent dementia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Asadullah Usman, Irum Habib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Genetic Predisposition to Sudden Cardiac Death: A Molecular Cardiology Study
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a major global health challenge, and increasing evidence highlights the critical role of genetic predisposition in modulating individual susceptibility. This molecular cardiology study systematically investigated pathogenic, likely pathogenic, and risk-associated variants across key cardiac ion-channel, desmosomal, and sarcomeric genes to determine their contribution to inherited arrhythmogenic risk. Using next-generation sequencing and functional molecular assays, we identified a significantly elevated burden of deleterious variants in KCNQ1, SCN5A, RYR2, PKP2, and LMNA among individuals with a documented family history of SCD. Quantitative variant impact modelling revealed that mutations affecting ion-channel gating kinetics and intracellular calcium handling were strongly associated with abnormal electrophysiological responses, including prolonged repolarization (QTc > 480 ms), conduction delays, and increased arrhythmic triggers. Moreover, genotype–phenotype correlation analyses demonstrated that carriers of compound or multiple heterozygous variants exhibited a 2.7-fold higher risk of malignant arrhythmias compared to single-variant carriers. Functional characterization further confirmed that several novel variants resulted in reduced channel current density, impaired desmosomal integrity, and destabilized myocardial structural proteins, collectively driving electrical instability. Overall, the results of this study underscore the substantial contribution of inherited genetic abnormalities to SCD vulnerability and highlight the importance of integrating molecular genetic screening with clinical risk stratification. The identification of high-impact variants and their mechanistic consequences provide a foundation for targeted surveillance, family cascade screening, and future gene-directed therapeutic interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faran Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diabetic Retinopathy Progression and Endocrine Correlates: A Multicenter Study
The research is a multicentric study, and it is aimed at researching the further development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its reliance on an all-encompassing endocrine data to identify the predictors of the severity and the progression of the disease. One hundred patients were measured in various tertiary hospitals, retinal imaging and bio-chemical indicators (HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin resistance indices ( HOMA-IR ) and lipid profile, thyroid hormone, cortisol level, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Statistical modelling demonstrated that incremental and steady change in the level of HbA1c and augmented insulin resistance were the most powerful predictors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression. Much greater proportions of mild/moderate non-proliferative DR to proliferative DR were identified in the group of patients with poor glycemic control during the long-term period. This was worsened by dyslipidemia, which in this instance was the high triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol that worsened the microvascular health. The retinal structural alteration and the predisposition to neovascularization were directly linked to endocrine problems (subclinical hypothyroidism and high cortisol levels). The mechanism relationships between systemic cytokines (IL-6, CRP, TNF-a) and retinal edema and hemorrhagic changes were strong, which showed that a mechanistic relationship exists between systemic cytokines and pathology of the eye. Multivariate regression and predictive modelling have demonstrated a massive level of accuracy (AUC >0.85) in course predictions of diabetic retinopathy by using only endocrine markers. The point of the research is that the use of endocrine signs in the DR screening plans can greatly improve the early detection, risk assessment, and preventive strategy. These findings have significance in the sense that there is a need to apply a multidisciplinary approach to integrate ophthalmologic monitoring with endocrine support to minimize effects of the diabetes-related visual impairment
Copyright (c) 2025 Naveed Hussain, Nimra Samad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Extraction and purification of proteins from Prunus armeniaca seeds
Prunus armeniaca (apricot) is a nutrient-dense plant widely cultivated for its edible fruit and valuable seed components. In addition to supplying essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, apricot seeds are a rich yet underexplored source of plant proteins with potential applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to extract, purify, and characterize proteins from P. armeniaca seeds, evaluate their biological activity, and compare protein content between seeds collected from warm and cold climatic regions. Seed proteins were extracted using four different buffer systems, and purification was achieved by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The degree of purity was assessed using SDS-PAGE, while protein concentration was quantified spectrophotometrically. Functional properties were examined through antibacterial assays and methylene blue adsorption tests. Higher protein concentration was observed in the seeds of high-temperature regions compared to lower-temperature seeds. For high-temperature seed, the highest protein concentration (13.1 mg/µl) was achieved in Tris-HCl buffer, while distilled water gave the highest concentration (9.098 mg/ µl) in lower temperature seed. Optimal protein recovery was obtained at 65 % and 70 % ammonium sulfate saturation. However, the purified proteins showed no significant antibacterial activity and failed to remove methylene blue, suggesting limited antimicrobial and adsorptive potential. Comparative assessment revealed higher protein content in seeds from warmer regions, indicating temperature-related variation in protein synthesis. This work highlights P. armeniaca seeds as an important yet underutilized source of plant proteins. Environmental factors strongly influence protein yield, and further structural and functional studies are warranted to explore potential biotechnological and therapeutic applications.
Copyright (c) 2023 Haseeb Ahmed, Ammar Azmat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Studying the Role of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: Exploring Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment
Autophagy plays a dual role in cancer, acting as both a tumor suppressor and promoter depending on context. In this study, we quantified basal autophagy marker expression (LC3-II, p62) across five human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF-7, HeLa, PC3, HCT116) and evaluated the antitumor efficacy of a novel ULK1 inhibitor alone and in combination with chloroquine (CQ) and doxorubicin. HeLa cells exhibited the highest LC3-II (1.5 AU) and lowest ULK1 inhibitor IC₅₀ (1.8 µM), whereas HCT116 showed the lowest LC3-II (0.8 AU) and highest IC₅₀ (3.5 µM), indicating that elevated autophagic flux correlates with increased sensitivity to ULK1 blockade (r = –0.85). In MCF-7 cells, CQ monotherapy reduced viability from 100% to 10% at 40 µM, and combined CQ/doxorubicin treatment shifted cell death toward apoptosis (75%) versus necrosis (25%). Higher p62 levels correlated positively with IC₅₀ (r = 0.72), suggesting p62 as a predictive biomarker for inhibitor responsiveness. In vivo, ULK1 inhibitor administration (10 mg/kg, every other day for 21 days) in xenograft-bearing mice achieved tumor volume reductions of 20–40%, with HeLa-derived tumors most responsive. Statistical analyses confirmed significant differences among treatments (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). These data establish that cancer cells with high autophagic activity are particularly vulnerable to ULK1 inhibition and that autophagy blockade can potentiate chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity. Our findings support the use of LC3-II and p62 as stratification biomarkers and advocate for further clinical development of combination regimens targeting autophagy in precision oncology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Tanzeel Akhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Hormonal Imbalance in Reproductive Failure in Dairy Cows: Clinical Investigations and Treatment Strategies
Hormonal imbalances play a significant role in reproductive failure in dairy cows, which is a major concern for dairy farmers globally due to the resulting economic losses. This study aimed to investigate the impact of hormonal imbalances on reproductive failure and explore the clinical manifestations, treatment strategies, and interventions that can mitigate these challenges. The research involved field studies across 20 dairy farms, where hormonal assays and clinical observations were conducted. Significant hormonal imbalances were found in cows with reproductive failure, particularly low estradiol and progesterone levels, which were associated with disorders such as anoestrus, silent heat, and embryonic loss. The study also examined various treatment strategies, including hormonal supplementation, nutritional interventions, and advanced reproductive technologies such as timed artificial insemination, ovum pick-up, and in-vitro fertilization. The findings indicate that timely interventions, particularly hormonal treatments and nutritional strategies, can improve reproductive outcomes. This study highlights the need for integrated management approaches that combine clinical, nutritional, and technological strategies to enhance reproductive performance in dairy herds
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahid Iqbal, Imdad Ullah Khan , Fawad Ahmad , Saeed Ullah , Aftab Ahmed, Israruddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bio-stimulant Potential of Organic Compost Teas on Spinach Performance and Soil Properties
This research was conducted to investigate the influence of compost tea made from various organic sources on the growth, yield, and soil quality in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). The experiment followed a randomized complete block design, incorporating four treatment groups: an untreated control, poultry manure compost tea (PMCT), farmyard manure compost tea (FYMCT), and vegetable compost tea (VCT). The compost teas were applied as foliar sprays at regular intervals throughout the crop’s growth cycle. Significant improvements in growth-related traits were observed in all compost tea-treated plots compared to the control. Among the treatments, PMCT led to the highest increases in plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry biomass, and number of leaves. FYMCT and VCT also showed notable enhancements, though to a lesser extent. In addition to plant performance, PMCT significantly raised soil organic matter levels, highlighting its role in improving soil condition. These improvements were largely attributed to the rich nutrient composition and beneficial microbial populations present in the compost teas. Their application likely stimulated nutrient availability and uptake, contributing to better vegetative growth and soil fertility. The findings support the potential of compost teas, especially those derived from poultry manure, in promoting sustainable spinach production
Copyright (c) 2025 Fahad Ali, Zahid Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Developing CRISPR-Based Therapies for Genetic Diseases: Clinical Trials and Regulatory Challenges
CRISPR-based therapies have emerged as transformative tools for treating genetic diseases, yet their clinical implementation presents a complex interplay of scientific promise and regulatory scrutiny. This study analyzed 58 registered clinical trials employing CRISPR-Cas systems for therapeutic purposes, focusing on trial characteristics, delivery methods, gene targets, geographical distribution, and regulatory challenges. The majority of trials targeted oncological (37.9%) and hematological (20.7%) disorders, with over 65% in early-phase development (Phase I or I/II).Ex vivo methods based on lentiviral vectors and electroporation differed from in vivo approaches mainly on a basis of adeno-associated viruses (AAV) or lipid nanoparticles. Gene modifications with emphasis on PD-1, important for cancer immunotherapy, and BCL11A prioritized in hemoglobinopathy repair. Based on stakeholder interviews off-target risk was the greatest regulatory barrier (87%), followed by long-term monitoring (76%) and delivery safety (72%). Central ethical issues consisted of concerns regarding the processes of informed consent, participants’ unequal access, and the moral aspects of germline editing. Medians of existing studies showed a 67% editing efficiency, 18% adverse events, and a meager completion rate of 62% for trials. Despite these impediments, more than half, approximately 60%, of the respondents from regulatory, clinical, industry, and ethics communities supported increased trials – provided rigorous preventative measures are upheld. Based on this research, it’s clear that it takes harmonized regulations, continued safety surveillance, and designs rooted in ethical value to safely and equitably introduce CRISpen-based technologies. This paper provides working suggestions on how CRISpen could be used, safely and efficiently in clinical environments and reveals how CRISpen is moving from experimental research to effective therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rabia Nasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biochemical Markers for Early Detection of Liver Diseases in Dogs: A Clinical Diagnostic Approach
Early detection of liver diseases in dogs remains a significant clinical challenge due to the nonspecific nature of early clinical signs and the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of conventional and emerging biochemical markers to improve early detection and stratification of hepatic dysfunction in canine patients. A cohort of 60 dogs with varying degrees of liver impairment underwent clinical evaluation, biochemical profiling, imaging, and molecular analyses. Results demonstrated that while traditional liver enzymes—alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin—remain essential indicators of hepatocellular injury and cholestasis, their diagnostic sensitivity in early disease stages is limited. Novel biomarkers, including hyaluronic acid, procollagen III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), showed a significant correlation with fibrotic progression and offered improved sensitivity in early-stage detection. The advanced stages of disease exhibited sharp elevations in inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) which indicates systemic inflammation's contribution to hepatic pathology. The disease severity correlated with elevated mitochondrial damage markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity level assessments. Machine learning algorithms combined with metabolomic profiling produced new potential predictive models which identify liver dysfunction through multiple biomarkers. These research outcomes suggest an urgent necessity for diagnostic strategies that integrate multiple markers along with modern molecular investigation technologies with traditional laboratory indicators. The combined diagnostic strategy shows promise to enable improved diagnostics and disease tracking and therapeutic management for dogs with liver disease which leads to better clinical results.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Umer Farooq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Improving Blood Transfusion Safety: Addressing the Risk of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) remains one of the leading causes of transfusion-associated morbidity and mortality, necessitating an evidence-based, multidimensional approach to its prevention. This study retrospectively examined 198 TRALI cases and 396 matched controls across three tertiary care hospitals to identify clinical, procedural, and institutional risk factors. TRALI cases were associated with significantly higher volumes of transfused blood products—particularly plasma and platelets—and a greater frequency of transfusions involving female and multiparous donors. Donor anti-HLA antibody positivity was identified in 28.3% of TRALI cases compared to 10.6% in controls. Logistic regression analysis identified anti-HLA antibody positivity (adjusted OR = 3.42, p < 0.001), prolonged blood storage (>14 days) (OR = 2.11, p = 0.002), and recipient sepsis (OR = 1.67, p = 0.014) as independent predictors of TRALI.Incidence rates of TRALI differed based on organizations practices in a hospital. Hospitals that had adopted leukoreduction precept as well as subjected donors to strict screening processes recorded a lesser TRALI incidence. Out of those suffering from TRALI, 86.4% required assisted breathing, 62.8% were hospitalized in ICU for more than five days and had a 30-day mortality rate of 28.2%, significantly greater than comparison groups – demonstrating the poor prognosis. Bar and line charts created through visual analytics showed a difference in donors, modes of transfusion, comorbidity, and patient outcomes, supporting conclusions of the study. These results demonstrate that TRALI is the consequence of multifactorial immunologic factors, transfusion practices, and patient characteristics, rather than overloading transfusion volume. It is obvious for individuals who are at a higher risk that there is the need for uniform transfusion policies and regular surveillance, and donor checks are necessary as proposed by the study. The containment of TRALI risk and enhancement of transfusion safety call for the needed priority towards utilization of clinical decision support tools and patient blood management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Farman Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Efficacy of Anti-Parasitic Treatments for Controlling Tick-Borne Diseases in Dogs and Cattle
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) represent a significant threat to animal health and livestock productivity, particularly affecting dogs and cattle globally. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anti-parasitic treatments and integrated control strategies for managing tick infestations and associated pathogens. Through a systematic secondary analysis of peer-reviewed literature and surveillance data, the research assessed acaricide effectiveness, vaccine availability, resistance trends, and sustainability of various control approaches. Results indicated that isoxazoline-based acaricides (e.g., fluralaner, afoxolaner) provided the highest efficacy and longest protection duration in dogs, whereas commonly used cattle acaricides such as amitraz and ivermectin showed moderate efficacy and a higher risk of resistance. Vaccine efficacy varied across pathogens; Borrelia burgdorferi vaccines provided efficient protection to dogs but protection rates for Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale vaccines in cattle were only partial. Studies using integrated pest management (IPM) strategies revealed 85% effectiveness in pest control while showing the least resistance risk compared to using individual methods. Statistical analysis showed that treatment effectiveness linked directly to its duration of implementation and detailed environmental aspects of adoption rates between different control strategies. The study highlighted the pressing requirement for environmentally friendly control methods because excessive chemical treatment development has caused both acaricide resistance and ecological destruction. Molecular diagnostics and GIS-based mapping surveillance tools identified crucial infection zones and tracked pathogen movements effectively. Research indicates that successful TBD management requires adopting an integrated One Health framework by combining chemical treatments with biological methods and environmental measures alongside immunological interve The study highlights why integrated veterinary and public health cooperation leads to the development of innovative sustainable solutions tailored for specific regions
Copyright (c) 2024 Aftab Ahmed, Syed Muhammad Ali Ramish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating the Long-Term Effects of Environmental Toxins on Human Health: A Focus on Developmental and Neurological Disorders
Environmental toxins have emerged as critical determinants of human health, particularly in relation to developmental and neurological outcomes. This study employed a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the long-term effects of pollutant exposure across four urban and peri-urban regions, integrating epidemiological analysis, biomarker profiling, gene expression data, and qualitative interviews. Quantitative findings revealed significantly elevated levels of PM2.5, NO₂, lead, and mercury in urban environments, correlating with increased prevalence of developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (up to 2.8%) and ADHD (up to 9.4%), and higher incidence rates of neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, and migraine.A nested cohort sample of 300 participants reported that gene expression profiling revealed dysregulated patterns such as elevated IL6, TNFA and CYP1A1 in addition to reduced expression levels. >High PM2.5 exposure, lead levels, economic disadvantage, and indoor smoking were closely associated with a higher risk 1.21–1.55; p < 0.05). Semi-structured interviews of 40 participants uncovered that most individuals cared about local air quality, experienced challenges regarding obtaining medical care, and engaged in a myriad of methods for adapting to their situation. In conclusion, the results together emphasize the widespread public health threat of environmental toxins and the critical necessity for effective public health and regulatory actions. To protect those most susceptible and reduce the enduring effects of environmental toxins, initiatives like pollution control, biomonitoring and people-in charge efforts, should be used as a priority..
Copyright (c) 2024 Shahzad Rafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimizing Maize Growth and Soil Health Using Integrated Nutrient Management
The incorporation of organic and inorganic fertilizers in maize production has gained increasing attention due to its potential to enhance crop yield and soil fertility. Maize being important cereal requires a balanced supply of nutrients for optimal growth and productivity. Inorganic fertilizers improve maize performance and soil properties i.e. pH, nutrient content and availability, their continuous use may lead to nutrient imbalances, soil acidification and excessive nitrate leaching. Contrariwise, organic fertilizers offer sustainable benefits but face challenges related to nutrient release, availability and transportation. This investigation highlights the significance of integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers as a sustainable approach to maize production. Results suggest that sole reliance on either fertilizer type is insufficient for long-term productivity. The collective application of organic and inorganic fertilizers enhances maize yield, improves soil health and supports sustainable agricultural practices. This study recommends integrated nutrient management as a viable strategy for improving maize productivity and ensuring food security.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rima Bibi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fortified Organic Fertilizers as Alternatives to Inorganic Fertilizers for Maize Production
This study was conducted during 2024 maize growing season to evaluate effects of nitrogen-enriched organic fertilizers on maize growth, yield, and soil nutrient status. fertilizers assessed included an enriched organic fertilizer (MFERT) and nitrogen-fortified poultry manure (PTM), compared against conventional inorganic NPK fertilizer and an unfertilized control. results indicated that maize plants grown with enriched organic fertilizers exhibited growth and yield characteristics comparable to those treated with inorganic fertilizer. At harvest, plants treated with MFERT attained an average height of 261 cm, followed closely by those receiving fortified poultry manure (254 cm) and inorganic fertilizer (254 cm). time required to reach 50% tasseling varied among treatments, with inorganic fertilizer allowing fastest tasseling at 52 days, followed by MFERT at 50 days, PTM at 54 days, and control taking longest. Grain yield was significantly influenced by fertilization, with MFERT yielding 3.96 t ha⁻¹, NPK fertilizer producing 3.55 t ha⁻¹, PTM yielding 3.14 t ha⁻¹, and control yielding lowest at 2.66 t ha⁻¹. findings suggest that enriched organic fertilizers can serve as viable alternatives to conventional inorganic fertilizers for sustaining maize growth and yield.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Hassan Mehmood, Dr. Naveed Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Nitrogen Fertilization in Improving Wheat Crop Yields
A field study was conducted during the 2021-22 growing season to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha⁻¹) on the performance of two wheat genotypes, Galaxyand AZRCDera. The study meticulously gathered detailed data on various growth and yield parameters, which were then rigorously analyzed. The findings revealed that AZRC-Dera consistently outperformed Galaxyacross several key metrics. Throughout the crop growth cycle, AZRC-Dera produced notably taller plants, a trend that was significantly enhanced by incremental nitrogen application. The application of nitrogen at 120 kg ha⁻¹ was particularly effective, resulting in substantial increases in both the number of tillers and fertile tillers per plant in AZRC-Dera. Furthermore, the grain yield of AZRC-Dera was markedly higher compared to Galaxy, underscoring the genotype's superior responsiveness to nitrogen fertilization. The study conclusively demonstrated that each incremental addition of nitrogen fertilizer had a positive impact on the growth and productivity of the wheat cultivars under investigation. AZRC-Dera, in particular, exhibited notable superiority in several growth and yield parameters, making it a promising candidate for achieving higher wheat productivity through optimized nitrogen management. The research highlights the critical role of nitrogen fertilization in enhancing wheat growth and yield, with AZRC-Dera showing significant advantages in terms of plant height, tiller production, and grain yield. These findings provide valuable insights for agronomic practices aimed at maximizing wheat productivity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muneeba, Faran Muhammad, Muhammad Shafique, Muhammad Bilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dose-Response Relationship of NPK Fertigation on Melon Growth and Yield
The goal of the study was to determine how different NPK fertigation levels affected the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) growth and yield in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) ecological zone. Using three replications and a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five NPK levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the advised 150:120:90 kg/ha), the experiment was carried out at the Arid Zone Research Centre during the rainy season of 2021. Plant height, leaf count, number of male and female flowers, days to 50% flowering, fruit count, and fruit weight at harvest were among the parameters that were measured. Results showed that raising NPK levels, especially at 75% of the prescribed dose, significantly increased plant height, leaf count, and flower count. At 100% NPK, the plants reached their maximum height (119.68 cm at 6 weeks and 227.16 cm at 10 weeks) and leaf count (41 leaves at 6 weeks and 79 leaves at 10 weeks), with 75% NPK coming in close second. At 75% NPK (18 flowers) and 100% NPK (17 flowers), the largest number of blooms per plant was observed. Significant progress was also shown in the fruit weight, with the highest average fruit weight (6.43 kg) being produced by 75% NPK. According to the study's findings, NPK fertigation at 75% of the suggested dosage greatly increases watermelon growth and yield; as a result, farmers in the area are advised to use this technique to increase productivity and profitability.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Suleman Aziz, Faran Muhammad, Rashid Khan, Muhammad Shafique, Muhammad Dilawaiz Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimizing Atrazine Application Rates for Efficacious Weed Control in Maize Cultivation
This study delves into the intricate task of optimizing atrazine application rates to achieve efficacious weed control in maize cultivation. Atrazine, a widely employed herbicide known for its effectiveness against various weed species, is a cornerstone in contemporary weed management strategies. The challenge lies in identifying the precise application rates that strike a balance between robust weed eradication and minimizing potential ecological impacts. Through meticulous field trials and systematic data analyses, this research systematically explores a range of atrazine application rates to discern their differential effects on weed populations, crop health, and overall maize productivity. The experimental design incorporates varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ml L-1) of atrazine, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of its impact on both target weeds and the maize crop. Parameters such as weed density, species composition, crop vigor, and yield components are rigorously assessed. The study aims to elucidate the optimal atrazine application rates that maximize weed control efficacy while minimizing the risk of adverse effects on non-target organisms and environmental sustainability. The anticipated outcomes of this research hold significant implications for sustainable agriculture, providing practitioners with data-driven insights to refine atrazine application practices. By offering a nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between atrazine dosages and weed control outcomes, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on precision herbicide application in maize cultivation. Ultimately, the findings aim to guide farmers, agronomists, and policymakers towards more informed and sustainable weed management practices in maize crops.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muneeba, Faran Muhammad, Rashid Khan, Muhammad Shafique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Herbicide Strategies for Effective Weed Eradication in Maize Crop
In this research endeavor, we delve into the intricate domain of weed management within maize crop cultivation, undertaking a systematic exploration of herbicide strategies. The study examines the efficacy of atrazine, paraquat, glyphosate, pendimethalin, and a control group, meticulously evaluating their impact on crucial parameters— specifically, weed population, plant height, grain yield, biomass yield, and straw yield. Through meticulously designed field trials and systematic analyses, the study aims to elucidate the nuanced interactions between herbicide applications and the specified parameters. The findings are anticipated to contribute valuable insights into optimizing herbicide strategies, offering practical guidance for farmers and agronomists striving to strike the delicate balance between effective weed eradication and sustainable maize crop cultivation practices.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hidayat Ihsan, Kashif Hussain, Muhammad Suleman Aziz, Faran Muhammad, Muhammad Dilawaiz Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Variations in Phosphorus Leaching Across Diverse Soil Textures
This lysimeter study investigates the dynamics of phosphorus leaching across a spectrum of soil textures, encompassing loam, sandy, sandy loam, clay, and sandy clay. Employing a controlled experimental design, we analyzed the leaching behavior of phosphorus in these distinct soil types under controlled environmental conditions. The study aimed to discern the impact of soil texture on phosphorus mobility, with a focus on understanding the potential implications for nutrient transport and environmental sustainability. Results revealed notable variations in phosphorus leaching patterns among the different soil textures, shedding light on the complex interplay between soil composition and nutrient transport. These findings contribute valuable insights to the field of soil science, facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of phosphorus dynamics in diverse soil environments and informing sustainable agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muneeba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Copyright (c) 2023 Rima Bibi, Abdul Fateh Soomro, Nisar Ahmad Soomro, Khalil Ahmed Solangi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Copyright (c) 2023 Zubair Rehman, Abdul Baseer khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unveiling the Transformative Impact of Organic Amendments on Soil Physical Properties
This study investigates the transformative impact of organic amendments on critical soil physical properties through a controlled incubation study. Employing compost, peat, farm manure, crop residues, and a no-amendment treatment as distinct variables, we systematically analyze alterations in bulk density, porosity, water retention, soil strength, and texture. The incubation study, designed to simulate real-world soil conditions, provides a comprehensive understanding of how these organic amendments influence key aspects of soil structure and function over time. Our findings illuminate the nuanced dynamics between each amendment and the targeted soil physical properties, revealing potential pathways for enhancing soil resilience, nutrient availability, and water management. This research not only contributes to the scientific understanding of organic amendments' effects but also provides practical insights for sustainable agricultural practices, guiding efforts to optimize soil conditions for improved crop productivity and environmental sustainability
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Mansoor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Copyright (c) 2023 Huma Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quantifying the Impact of Varied Nitrogen Fertilizer Dosages on Maize (Zea mays L.) Crop Growth and Yield
This research investigates the influence of diverse nitrogen fertilizer dosages on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Employing nitrogen application rates of 60, 80, 100, 120, and 150 kg ha⁻¹, we conducted a comprehensive field study to quantify the impact of varying nutrient levels on key agronomic parameters. The experiment aimed to elucidate the optimal nitrogen dosage for enhancing maize crop productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Results revealed distinct responses in terms of plant height, leaf area, biomass accumulation, and grain yield across the different nitrogen treatments. Additionally, the study assessed nitrogen use efficiency and potential environmental implications associated with the varied dosages. The findings contribute valuable insights into the nuanced relationship between nitrogen fertilization and maize crop performance, providing a foundation for informed agricultural practices that balance yield optimization and sustainable resource management.
Copyright (c) 2023 Syed Ishtiaq Hyder, Shafiq ahmad, Raiz ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Gastrointestinal Worm Infestations on Bovine Milk Yield: A Study Assessing How Worm Infestations Affect the Quantity of Milk Produced in Cattle
Background: Gastrointestinal worm infestations are a significant concern in the dairy industry, potentially impacting the productivity and health of the cattle. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between worm infestations and milk yield in lactating cows in the Dera Ismail Khan district. Methods: A total of 100 lactating cows, spread across five farms, were grouped into control (no deworming) and treatment (dewormed) groups. Baseline data, including age, weight, breed, and milk yield, were collected. The treatment group received an oral broad-spectrum anthelmintic. Milk yields were monitored daily, and fecal samples were examined biweekly over a two-month period to assess worm burden. The study also identified the predominant worm species through larval cultures. Results: Initial baseline data manifested analogous characteristics between both groups. However, during the study, milk yield exhibited a significant increase in the treatment group on four out of the five farms, with increments ranging from 1.2L to 2.8L per day more than the control group. Concurrently, fecal egg counts for the treatment group drastically decreased from an initial count of 1,480 eggs/gram to 120 eggs/gram by the end of two months. In the realm of worm species, Ostertagia ostertagi emerged as the predominant species at 60%. Conclusion: The study underscores the negative impact of gastrointestinal worm infestations on milk yield in cattle and highlights the benefits of regular deworming practices in enhancing dairy productivity and cattle health.
Copyright (c) 2022 Zaheer Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identifying the Primary Reasons for Post-Harvest Losses and Proposing Strategies to Minimize them in Cotton Crops
Background: Post-harvest losses (PHL) are the decline in quantity and quality of agricultural products between harvest and consumption. These losses, which can be ascribed to poor handling, inadequate storage, pests, diseases, and inefficient supply chains, pose significant threats to food security, economic stability, and long-term viability. Objectives: Through an examination of three agro-ecological zones— Faisalabad, Multan, and Lodhran—the research sought to identify the leading causes of post-harvest losses and to propose empiricallysupported mitigation strategies. Methods: In a comprehensive mixedmethods analysis, "inadequate storage," cited by 35% of respondents, and "pests/diseases," cited by 25% of respondents, emerged as the most significant contributors. Results: Quantitative evaluations revealed distinct losses in Faisalabad (15% decline from 1000 kg to 850 kg), Multan (20% decline from 1000 kg to 800 kg), and Lodhran (22% decline from 1000 kg to 780 kg). Evaluations of storage conditions revealed disparities, particularly in Multan, where average temperatures were 28°C, relative humidity was 65%, and insect control measures were ineffective. Losses decreased from 22% to 12% as a result of the implementation of strategic interventions, such as enhanced ventilation. Conclusion: The findings highlighted the critical need to refine post-harvest practices to improve global food security and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2022 Sami Ullah, Raheel Nazim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Eco-Friendly Cultivation Techniques to Promote Sustainability in the Floriculture Industry
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the viability, benefits, and challenges of eco-friendly cultivation techniques in the floriculture industry in Punjab, Pakistan, providing a roadmap for sustainable growth. Methods: Research spanned across five representative regions of Punjab, encompassing traditional, transitioning, and fully sustainable farms. Quantitative data, including water and energy consumption, yield, and waste generation, were collected, while qualitative insights were garnered through interviews. The study assessed various cultivation techniques, including soil management, water conservation, pest management, energy consumption, and waste management. Results: Sustainable farms showcased a considerable shift towards organic and eco-friendly practices, with 40% adopting organic fertilizers, 100% utilizing composting, and 80% employing natural soil enrichment techniques. Water conservation efforts were evident with unanimous adoption of rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation. In pest management, 85% of sustainable farms implemented IPM, leading to a 60% reduction in chemical pesticide use. Conclusion: The floriculture industry in Punjab is witnessing a transformative shift towards sustainability. Eco-friendly cultivation practices, driven by both environmental and economic imperatives, are gaining traction. The industry's future resilience and growth hinge on balancing ecological responsibility with economic pragmatism.
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammad Suleman Aziz, Kashif Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Surveillance and Control of Pests in Stored Sugarcane Products
Objective: The study aimed to establish efficient detection systems for pests in sugarcane storage facilities and to assess the efficacy of various pest control methods, ensuring product quality and consumer safety. Methods: Three major sugarcane-producing regions in District Dera Ismail Khan were selected, with samples taken from five storage facilities in each region. Monthly sampling, spanning a year, included manual inspections, use of pheromone traps, and remote sensing devices. Pest control methods evaluated encompassed chemical, biological, and physical controls. Results: Pests displayed distinct preference habitats within storage facilities. Chemical control demonstrated the highest efficacy with a 66.7% reduction in pest population, followed by biological and physical controls. Environmental factors, notably temperature (r=0.8) and humidity (r=0.65), showed significant positive correlations with infestation rates. Storage duration displayed a reduced positive correlation with infestations. Conclusion: Effective pest management necessitates an understanding of pest behavior and an integrated approach combining various control methods. Environmental factors play a pivotal role in infestation rates, emphasizing the importance of controlled storage conditions.
Copyright (c) 2022 Imtiaz Khan, Syeda Anika Shamshar, Sehar Fatima, Muhammad Zakria, Jehangir Rashid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0